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Neurofeedback in autism spectrum disorders.
Aim: To review current studies on the effectiveness of neurofeedback as a method of treatment of the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Method Studies were selected based on searches in PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, ERIC, and CINAHL using combinations of the following keywords: 'Neurofeedback' OR 'EEG Biofeedback' OR 'Neurotherapy' OR 'Mu-Rhythm' OR 'SMR' AND 'Autism' OR 'Autism Spectrum Disorder' OR 'Pervasive Developmental Disorder'. Results The existing evidence does not support the use of neurofeedback in the treatment of ASD. Studies with outcomes in favour of neurofeedback might be showing an improvement in comorbid attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder symptoms rather than a true improvement in core ASD symptoms. Interpretation Limitations of this review are those inherent in the studies available, including small sample size, short duration, variable diagnostic criteria, and insufficient control interventions, all causing a lack of generalizability.
Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011 Jul 14. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04043.x. Holtmann M, Steiner S, Hohmann S, Poustka L, Banaschewski T, Bölte S. LWL-University Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics of the Ruhr University Bochum, Hamm, Germany Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet Centre of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
What is the definition of the human ego? And, how do we know if it is healthy or not? Many dictionaries define ego as his sense of one’s self. Freud even talked about the ego being equal to consciousness. This would imply a level of self-awareness of oneself and how they distinguish between their personal boundaries and the rest of reality. When a person can function within their reality with a proper assessment of threats and opportunities, they could be considered to have a healthy ego.
When exploring the idea of the human ego, it is important to note how the concept has changed through...
Your confidence concerning your ability to handle any task in life has a lot to do with where your mind is at the time. Actually, achieving confidence is quite simple once you understand this simple concept. Think for a moment. Where is your conscious awareness right now? Are you ruminating needlessly about something that happened in the past? Or, are you obsessing about a difficulty that hasn’t even happened yet?
When the perceived difficulty of a pending task is considered greater than the perceived capability to handle it, then negative stress occurs. Obviously, this involves how your...
For many people drinking beer, wine, and liquor is used as a way to relax. Indeed, alcohol reduces our inhibitions and affects the brain by slowing down the part of the brain that serves as the switchboard of our thoughts. This makes us feel more at ease and allows us to feel comfortable around others. However, when used to an extreme, the abuse of alcoholic drinks can create behavioral and health problems that can lead to unhappiness and despair.
One crucial thing that you must be aware of is that our brain – and body – is designed to learn. When we repeat certain behavior, we...
